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NEW QUESTION # 56
Which of the following characteristics of AI-based systems make it more difficult to ensure they are safe?
Answer: B
Explanation:
AI-based systems oftenexhibit non-deterministic behavior, meaning theydo not always produce the same output for the same input. This makesensuring safety more difficult, as the system's behavior can change based on new data, environmental factors, or updates.
* Why Non-determinism Affects Safety:
* In traditional software, the same input always produces the same output.
* In AI systems, outputsvary probabilisticallydepending on learned patterns and weights.
* This unpredictability makes itharder to verify correctness, reliability, and safety, especially in critical domains likeautonomous vehicles, medical AI, and industrial automation.
* A (Simplicity):AI-based systems are typicallycomplex, not simple, which contributes to safety challenges.
* B (Sustainability):While sustainability is an important AI consideration, it doesnot directly affect safety.
* D (Robustness):Lack of robustnesscan make AI systems unsafe, butnon-determinism is the primary issuethat complicates safety verification.
* ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus (Section 2.8: Safety and AI)
* "The characteristics of AI-based systems that make it more difficult to ensure they are safe include: complexity, non-determinism, probabilistic nature, self-learning, lack of transparency, interpretability and explainability, lack of robustness".
Why Other Options Are Incorrect:Supporting References from ISTQB Certified Tester AI Testing Study Guide:Conclusion:Sincenon-determinism makes AI behavior unpredictable, complicating safety assurance, thecorrect answer is C.
NEW QUESTION # 57
Which ONE of the following activities is MOST relevant when addressing the scenario where you have more than the required amount of data available for the training?
SELECT ONE OPTION
Answer: D
Explanation:
A . Feature selection
Feature selection is the process of selecting the most relevant features from the data. While important, it is not directly about handling excess data.
B . Data sampling
Data sampling involves selecting a representative subset of the data for training. When there is more data than needed, sampling can be used to create a manageable dataset that maintains the statistical properties of the full dataset.
C . Data labeling
Data labeling involves annotating data for supervised learning. It is necessary for training models but does not address the issue of having excess data.
D . Data augmentation
Data augmentation is used to increase the size of the training dataset by creating modified versions of existing data. It is useful when there is insufficient data, not when there is excess data.
Therefore, the correct answer is B because data sampling is the most relevant activity when dealing with an excess amount of data for training.
NEW QUESTION # 58
Written requirements are given in text documents, which ONE of the following options is the BEST way to generate test cases from these requirements?
SELECT ONE OPTION
Answer: A
Explanation:
When written requirements are given in text documents, the best way to generate test cases is by using Natural Language Processing (NLP). Here's why:
* Natural Language Processing (NLP): NLP can analyze and understand human language. It can be used to process textual requirements to extract relevant information and generate test cases. This method is efficient in handling large volumes of textual data and identifying key elements necessary for testing.
* Why Not Other Options:
* Analyzing source code for generating test cases: This is more suitable for white-box testing where the code is available, but it doesn't apply to text-based requirements.
* Machine learning on logs of execution: This approach is used for dynamic analysis based on system behavior during execution rather than static textual requirements.
* GUI analysis by computer vision: This is used for testing graphical user interfaces and is not applicable to text-based requirements.
References:This aligns with the methodology discussed in the syllabus under the section on using AI for generating test cases from textual requirements.
NEW QUESTION # 59
Which ONE of the following models BEST describes a way to model defect prediction by looking at the history of bugs in modules by using code quality metrics of modules of historical versions as input?
SELECT ONE OPTION
Answer: B
Explanation:
Defect prediction models aim to identify parts of the software that are likely to contain defects by analyzing historical data and code quality metrics. The primary goal is to use this predictive information to allocate testing and maintenance resources effectively. Let's break down why option D is the correct choice:
Understanding Classification Models:
Classification models are a type of supervised learning algorithm used to categorize or classify data into predefined classes or labels. In the context of defect prediction, the classification model would classify parts of the code as either "defective" or "non-defective" based on the input features.
Input Data - Code Quality Metrics:
The input data for these classification models typically includes various code quality metrics such as cyclomatic complexity, lines of code, number of methods, depth of inheritance, coupling between objects, etc. These metrics help the model learn patterns associated with defects.
Historical Data:
Historical versions of the code along with their defect records provide the labeled data needed for training the classification model. By analyzing this historical data, the model can learn which metrics are indicative of defects.
Why Option D is Correct:
Option D specifies using a classification model to predict the presence of defects by using code quality metrics as input data. This accurately describes the process of defect prediction using historical bug data and quality metrics.
Eliminating Other Options:
A . Identifying the relationship between developers and the modules developed by them: This does not directly involve predicting defects based on code quality metrics and historical data.
B . Search of similar code based on natural language processing: While useful for other purposes, this method does not describe defect prediction using classification models and code metrics.
C . Clustering of similar code modules to predict based on similarity: Clustering is an unsupervised learning technique and does not directly align with the supervised learning approach typically used in defect prediction models.
Reference:
ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus, Section 9.5, Metamorphic Testing (MT), describes various testing techniques including classification models for defect prediction.
"Using AI for Defect Prediction" (ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus, Section 11.5.1).
NEW QUESTION # 60
A mobile app start-up company is implementing an AI-based chat assistant for e-commerce customers. In the process of planning the testing, the team realizes that the specifications are insufficient.
Which testing approach should be used to test this system?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Whentesting an AI-based chat assistantfor e-commerce customers, thelack of sufficient specifications makes it difficult to use structured test techniques. TheISTQB CT-AI Syllabusrecommendsexploratory testingin such cases:
* Why Exploratory Testing?
* Exploratory testing is usefulwhen specifications are incomplete or unclear.
* AI-based systems, particularly those usingnatural language processing (NLP),may not behave deterministically, making scripted test cases ineffective.
* Thetester interacts dynamicallywith the system, identifying unexpected behaviorsnot documented in the specification.
* Analysis of Answer Choices:
* A (Exploratory testing)#Correct, as it is the best approach when specifications are incomplete.
* B (Static analysis)# Incorrect, as static analysis checks code without execution, which isnot helpfulfor AI chatbots.
* C (Equivalence partitioning)# Incorrect, asthis technique requires well-defined inputs and outputs, which are missing due toinsufficient specifications.
* D (State transition testing)# Incorrect, as state-based testingrequires knowledge of valid and invalid transitions, which is difficult with a chatbot lacking a clear specification.
Thus,Option A is the correct answer, asexploratory testing is the best approach when dealing with insufficient specifications in AI-based systems.
Certified Tester AI Testing Study Guide References:
* ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus v1.0, Section 7.7 (Selecting a Test Approach for an ML System)
* ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus v1.0, Section 9.6 (Experience-Based Testing of AI-Based Systems).
NEW QUESTION # 61
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